References
Every statistic on our site is backed by real research. Here are the studies, articles, and regulations that inform what we're building.
How many people are unknowingly using products past their expiry date?
Investigation into expired cosmetics usage habits, revealing that a quarter of makeup users are applying products that have gone past their recommended use date.
Study89% of women hang onto old makeup "just in case." 87% know makeup expires. Only 1 in 5 throw away mascara within the recommended 3-month window.
Peer-reviewed StudyAcademic research into why consumers continue using expired cosmetics despite knowing the risks. Found that 36-47% of consumers across age groups are unaware cosmetics have a use-by date.
What is the Period After Opening and why does it matter?
Comprehensive overview of EU Cosmetics Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 requirements for PAO labelling, shelf life declarations, and the difference between expiry dates and PAO.
GuideResearch-backed guide on how PAO testing works, why it matters for consumer safety, and the stability studies required to determine accurate PAO periods.
Dermatology GuideOfficial guidance from the American Academy of Dermatology on product replacement timelines, including mascara (3 months), liquid foundation (6-12 months), and lipstick (1-2 years).
What happens inside your products after the PAO expires?
Landmark study finding that 70.5% of participants had expired makeup. Analysis revealed S. aureus in 79% of samples and P. aeruginosa in 13%, both pathogenic bacteria that can cause skin infections.
Peer-reviewed StudyStudy evaluating microbial contamination in everyday cosmetic products. Found significant levels of pathogenic organisms that pose a real risk to health, particularly for people with weakened immune systems.
Medical GuideMayo Clinic's overview of the health risks associated with expired cosmetics, including eye infections, skin irritation, breakouts, and more serious bacterial infections.
ArticleResearch summary covering how cosmetic formulas degrade over time, the types of bacteria that colonise expired products, and why PAO tracking is essential for skin health.
ResearchDermatology research highlighting how contaminated beauty products pose particular risks for patients with skin conditions, post-surgical wounds, or compromised immune systems.
GlamVault tracks your PAO so you never have to wonder if a product is still safe.
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